Lab Final: Fall 2005

Please answer all of the questions below. (100 points total)
You will need a calculator as well as your lab manual to complete this exam.
The Hort 319 webpage is also a good reference.

(This final must be completed and submitted by December 4, 2005 for full credit.)

Subject:
Select your lab section:
To Matt:
Enter your E-mail address:
Enter your Name:
Enter your UIN:
I. Application of Pesticides and Herbicides (20 pts)

1. What is depicted in the picture to the right

2. What is usually applied with this type of sprayer?

3. A Calibration problem: A pear grower just got a brand new 200 gallon capacity air blast sprayer. He has calibrated it by spraying water to 1/2 an acre. The water used was 50 gallons. If the recommended rate of Insectozap (50% active ingredient) is 2 lb active ingredient per acre, how much Insectozap does he need to add to one tankful?

4. If the recommended rate of application is 2 pints per acre of a product containing 4 lbs A.i. (active ingredient) per gallon of product, how many lbs A.i. is applied per acre?


5. Write the name of the most toxic chemical in the blank below.
1. Malathion with an oral LD50 of 2800
2. Diazinon with an oral LD50 of 350
3. Lorsban with an oral LD50 of 480
4. Paraquat with an oral LD50 of 16

6. What does LD50 stand for? (give complete answer)

II. Field Trips: King's Orchard, Messina Hof, Royalty Pecan (20 points)

1. Differentiate between the source for the red color in Papa Paulo port wine and most other red wines.

2. Contrast (A) White and (B) Red wines with respect to the temperature at which they are fermented and their time spent in barrels for aging.

A.
B.

3. Why do we slurp when evaluating a new wine?

4. How is fermentation of the wine stopped?


5. What do the wine "legs" indicate?


6. When are the figs at the Kings Orchard harvested?


7. When are the strawberries planted and harvested at the King's Orchard. How often do they replant their strawberry plots?

8. How is fertilizer delivered to the plants at King's Orchard?

9. What are the major disease and two major pest problems at Royalty Pecan? How are these problems controlled?

10. How are pecans harvested?

11. Pecans, once harvested, are dried down to what moisture level?

III. Water planning: Irrigation and Frost protection (20 points)

1. Write which factor is most likely to result in greater water usage by a plant. (all things being equal)?
1. Soil Type
2. Average Rainfall
3. Relative Humidity

2. Name two freeze protection strategies that work best with a strong temperature inversion.


3. Write which of the following is least effective for protection of fruit crops against a radiation freeze
1. Supplemantal heating
2. Wind Machines
3. Smoke
4. Bare Orchard Floor

4. What is the limitation of wind machines in protecting peaches from freeze damage during bloom?


5. What are the limitations of sprinkler irrigation for frost protection?

6. What is Effective Root Volume?


7. It is dawn after a frosty night in spring and you have been running your sprinklers all night long to protect your peach blossoms from freezing. Your trees are currnetly covered with ice and the branches appear that they will break soon. The temperature is now 45 F and since it is above freezing, you are considering turning your sprinklers off so no more ice accumulates. Would this be a good decision? Please explain your answer.

8. Discuss water storage and water supply and how they effect each other. Be sure to mention how water is applied and how the application method influences water storage.



IV. Propigation of fruit crops (20 points)

1. What are the five critical points to ensure success at grafting and budding?

2. How is T budding different from chip budding?

3. How is grafting different from layering?

4. Compare and contrast cleft and bark grafting concerning the rootstock, scion, tools needed, and time of grafting.

V. Training and Pruning of fruit crops (20 points)

1. Identify the training system to the right


2. Identify the training system to the right


3. What is a bull cane?


4. According to the tape about peaches, When is the best time for MAJOR pruning?


5. How long is a good fruiting shoot for a peach?


6. How many main scaffold branches are recommended for a mature peach tree?


7. Why are narrow crotch angles not desirable for fruit tree training?


* Extra Credit (6 points possible)
1. What does Brix measure? (1 point)

2. What is the difference between a perfect and imperfect flower? (1 point)

3. What is the difference between an aggregate and multiple fruit? (1 point)

4. What are three things that a soil survey contains? (1 point)

5. Xyllela fastidiosa causes what diseases? (2 points)

Questions may be directed to Dr. David Byrne or Matthew Orwat.